The History Of The Business Zara Commerce Essay

The History Of The Business Zara Commerce Essay The company selected for this assignment is Zara. A very brief history of Zara will be given. Then description of the companys operations and its advantages and shortcoming will be discussed. Then suggestions for innovation in its current information technology and operations will be given along with cost and risk analysis and possible ways to reduce the risks, followed by final conclusion. History: Zara is the most successful brand of Spanish company Grupo Inditex. Its owner, Amancio Ortega, opened first retail store in 1975 in La Coruna, a small port in Spain. Zara became the worlds largest fashion retailer by 2008 end. By this time it had stores in over 70 countries, out performing its rivals like Gap of USA and Sweden based HM (Hennes Maurits) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/12/retail.spain). Zaras Innovative Operations: Daniel Piette, director of fashion, LVMH described Zara as possibly the most devastating and innovating retailer in the world http://tbmdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/business-model-example-zara-devastating.html, owing to the companys innovative and unique approach in fashion retail: Zara has a vertically integrated supply chain, controlling most of the design phase, production phase and distribution system, down to its chain of retail outlets around the world. Some part of the manufacturing process is handled by Zaras sister concerns with nearby locations. Unlike its competitors Zara does not outsource its production to Asian developing countries. Proximity of production and distribution units provides more flexibility so that the company can meet the ever-changing demands of the consumers more efficiently than its competitors. Zara has integrated the system of POS (Point Of Sales) that helps in monitoring what designs are bringing in maximum sales at the retail shops. Store managers are allowed freedom to decide which designs to display and which ones to return, depending on the sales of those designs. Store employees gather feedbacks from the customers and convey the information to headquarters via PDAs. Design teams immediately respond to these feedbacks and begin designing new clothes accordingly. The clothes are manufactured and distributed to the retail stores within a short period of 2 to 4 weeks owing to the vertical integration of its supply chain. While its rivals are busy finding what the latest trends might be and eventually delivering new designs in 4 to 9 months, Zara manages to design, manufacture and distribute new designs in just 30 days. Zara only produces small quantities of each style so that there is continuous demand of popular designs, cutting down on manufacturing costs as well. Thus Zara delivers around 12000 different styles in a year whereas its competitors can produce only 4000-5000 per year. Hence, the company-coined phrase, fast fashion http://www.3isite.com/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I.pdf Current Technology in Information Communication Zara spends only 0.5% of its revenue on information technology compared to expenditure of 2% by its competitors. An order form is transmitted to each managers PDA asking for information such as availability of garments and patterns of garment sales. The managers divide this order form into sections that are transmitted to the PDAs of each employee to fill up, based on customers feedback and the kind of designs sold. Employees transmit back their respective completed sections to the managers PDAs. The manager is given total authority to determine which sections are to be retained in the order form. The edited order form is sent back to headquarters where the designing teams start designing according to the requirements. This strategy helps in managing the inventories efficiently and forms a fast link between demand and supply, justifying the doctrine of fast fashion. Summing up Zaras use of technology http://leoborjblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/zara-it-for-fast-fashion/: Gather customer requirements PDAs Logistics and transmission of order form POS terminals and modems. Quickly designing new style CAD (Computer Aided Design) Advantages of such an Innovative System Vertical integration of supply chain and short turn-around time lead to high turnover of product. Quick and efficient distribution helps to eliminate warehouse requirement, saving on additional storage costs. Searching the market for latest fashion trends and responding quickly to the consumer requirements with the help of hand-held PDAs. Complete autonomy and flexibility to the employees and managers who are in direct contact with the customers. POS terminals run on DOS operating system, which is cheap and easy to maintain and operate. Zaras operations are quite innovative and effective, but there is still scope for further improvements in its IT operations and inventory management. Perceived limitations of this System http://www.slideshare.net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928 Zara has have been using DOS as its main operating system in all the processes. It is an outdated operating system. As the POS vendor supplies DOS OS to zara only, it can always stop its supply, while continue to supply other operating systems to its other customers. Store managers are the decision makers. Zara headquarter relies solely on the experience and intuition of the managers. Instead of looking after customers, managers and employees have the time-consuming task of manually entering the garment details in small PDAs. This could result in the employees failing to assist some customers in choosing and might miss out on few garment sales. Inventory is maintained manually as well. Information transmitted is one way only. Managers have no knowledge of the inventories at headquarters and the stores distribution centre. Consequently managers cannot promise a customer if a particular garment that has been sold out, can be replenished and in how many days. Promises made to customers not kept can damage Zaras reputation, so the managers need to know about the garments inventories at headquarters and the distribution centres. There is a great demand for Zaras garments even though new designs are available twice a week. Zara may consider increase in production to meet these ever growing demands. Gathering of information therefore may need to be upgraded in terms of frequency. Its competitors can change to a better OS or software package and increase their turn around time, neutralizing Zaras edge of fast fashion over them. New IT Technology for Sustainability http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97642; http://www.slideshare.net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928 Benefits: New technology may not help Zara in increasing the competitive edge over its competitors but will help in sustaining that edge. A new operating system will help in installing software packages that will help in efficiently maintaining inventory at the stores as well as headquarters and distribution centers. Upgrading to new OS will remove the companys dependency on its current supplier of DOS. Using more than one IT supplier will increase Zaras bargaining power. A Network can be set up between HQ, production centers and retail stores. POS system can be automated so that each sale will automatically update the POS devices. If the POS system of all stores can be interlinked all the store managers can easily know the inventory online and can make and keep their promises to customers demanding a particular garment. POS automation will help reduce overall workload of the employees and managers, as they will not have to manually enter every detail required in the order form. No more large data inputs in small PDAs. Dedicated POS software will ensure that orders will now be made on the basis of theoretical inventories and will be more accurate. Orders can be now placed continually increasing the frequency from twice a week to daily. Ideal software to be used for integration would be ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Linking all the process in the supply chain, from HQ, design centers to retail stores, will not only help the managers in accessing inventories but will also help HQ to regulate the supplies more accurately according to the orders placed. Production will become even leaner than before. ECQ (Economic Order Quantity) can help in determining optimal quantities of different garments that customers can order so that the store has sufficient stock, while cutting down inventory cost. Knowing reorder levels will streamline managing of the inventory and help in maintaining the autonomy of the managers. Managers can determine from the reorder levels whether a particular garment needs to be ordered before it will go out of stock and can transmit the same to the production centers that are now linked to the retail outlets. Of course manual checks will still be needed occasionally to check a stores real time inventory is same as the theoretical inventory in case of exceptions like garments getting stolen or gone missing. Designers at HQ will not depend entirely on the managers intuition and can observe themselves sales of new designs due to two-way system integration by ERP. Just in case a store does run out of stock on a particular garment, the manager can easily check the inventories of local nearby stores for availability and suggest the customer to go there. Inter-store connectivity will have added advantage of shipping garments to another store that has more demand of a particular garment. This will further increase the speed-to-market. Besides HQ even managers of different stores will benefit if they know through network what is selling at other stores and what is not. Cost Analysis: Zara will have to upgrade to better OS that will support ERP like Linux, Unix or Windows NT. Implementation cost of Linux is lowest of the three OS. But recurring costs like service-contract is much higher (McAfee et al) http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97642. Annual cost of using Unix is the lowest and if functionality remains more or less same, Unix will be best suited. If other costs like plans for systems failure are not taken into consideration then implementation cost will be relatively much lower than prospective ROI (Return On Investment). Risk Analysis: Changing software and operating system in all retail shops world over is not an easy task. Due to location of Zaras retail outlets all over the world, there will be many extra tangible costs. Cost of replacing current POS system with the new one. Cost of installation of new cables in each store and maybe new infrastructure to support the cables. Cost of external IT support, hiring professional consultants. Cost of internal IT management and technical training of personnel. Time period needed to train the personnel till outside assistance is no longer required, cannot be accurately predicted. This is because levels of training and learning will be different at different locations around the world. Knowing other stores inventory may have a drawback. If two stores in the same general area have a demand of same design and employees of one store get to know that only the other store has received the garments due to shortage of supplies, it may lead to a political situation. Risk Reduction: Zara should ensure that managers of different stores, particularly in the same area or district should have good rapport and understanding with each other so that they can ask for and receive garments in the rare but probable case of shortage of supply. Both current and new systems should operate together till the personnel of each store can run the new system smoothly; this will not interrupt any service provided to customers. Zara has a huge pilot outlet that is around 1,500 square meters. Zara can use this as training facility for its personnel from all over the world. Zara can use it to test the new system as well. Zara can hire experienced software professionals and open an in-house department for software management and development. Zara can outsource the management and development to experienced software companies. However Zara will have to trade-off between highly efficient and expensive companies. Zara should form scenarios and identify the possible outcomes. This will provide a deeper understanding of its implementation strategy. Option analysis Zara can consider different options like expand options if the current scenario is favorable or defer options if not favorable. The company can also consider stage options where it can invest in predefined stages of the implementation process. This way it will have the flexibility of abandoning the new project at any stage and reverting to the old DOS system, if any major problem occurs. Implementation staging can be done by first testing the new system at Zara HQ. If successful, further testing can be done in a single district having more than one retail outlet. This process will continue by successively increasing the testing area from one district to number of districts, whole of Spain and finally Europe, if implementation at each stage is successful. Zara should develop a contingency plan and an exit plan as well in case the company cannot continue with the up-gradation, or has to abandon the new system for some reason. Efficient data backup is required in case the new system crashes due to mishandling by inexperienced staff etc. Conclusion By and large, continually increasing the frequency of information within the supply chain will help Zara to meet demand and supply requirements more efficiently and effectively. This efficiency will reflect at the stores and production and distribution centres as well, increasing the speed of delivery and further fulfilling almost every single customers individual tastes and requirements. Consequently it will provide a more firm control over operations and perhaps a more proactive working environment. Assimilating all the data at different stores and supply chain process units, into a single system will facilitate sharing of returns, ordering and sales information. This will result in more accurate stocks measurements and real-time measurements. New innovation in the companys information technology can have some other benefits as well. The ERP system will in a way connect the employees of a store to those at other stores around the world bringing forth a new feeling of integrity. Working on new and advanced applications may well lead to employee satisfaction and a feeling of pride. This can produce a highly motivated and efficient work force. Sustainability is a critical factor in any companys expansion plans, especially in a global company like Zara. Therefore Zara should continually acclimatize its business competencies of product development, promotion, communication and information technology according to its global expansion operations. However it should be noted that Zara has been operating successfully for more than three decades with a decentralized, autonomous (for stores) and informal working culture. Care should be taken in not enforcing too many standardized and regimental tasks. It can easily disrupt the creativity and working relationship of its task force. Innovation and incorporating new technology should not radically change a successful businesss operations, rather it should be used to facilitate it or grease the wheels.

Governor General in Canada

Overview My research paper will discuss the proposal of institutional reform concerning the function of Governor General. Canada is a constitutional monarchy and the role of the Governor General is to represent Canada as a whole in replace of the Crown or the Queen. Since Canada has no longer any real ties with the British Sovereignty in terms of government rules many would argue if the role of the Governor General has any significance to being an important political actor in Canada’s Constitution.To begin this paper, I will discuss a brief overview on what the role of a Governor General is, their formal powers and executive powers, dignified and efficient. My research paper will then emphasize on an institutional reform in regards to the function of the Governor General, it will discuss why Canada does not need a representation of the Crown any longer since the Governor General’s actions are mainly symbolic, therefore meaning that the new reform would have no Governor General appointed royally but instead an elected officer.The next argument in the development of the research will discuss the arguments against this institutional reform and why the Governor General’s role is still significant in Canada and why this political actor should still be a part of the Canadian Constitution, since in fact it is part of Canadian history and politics. And then lastly on the development is what my personal opinion is on the matter of having an institution reform or not and then finally finishing off with the conclusion of my paper. Bibliography 1. Desserud, Donald (2006). The Confidence Convention under the Canadian Parliamentary System.Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Study of Parliament Group. This article discusses one of the efficient powers of the governor general, dissolving of parliament. The governor general takes advice from the prime minister, when the prime minister might be in a situation where the House of Commons throws a non-confidence vote, an d through some motivation behind it the prime minister would then ask permission of the Governor General, who has the power to dissolve parliament, especially when there is a minority government and this book will discuss a few examples of it.This source is useful because it can help us understand why the Governor General’s role shares relevance. 2. Hicks, B. (2009). Guiding the Governor General's Prerogatives: Constitutional Convention Versus an Apolitical Decision Rule. Constitutional Forum, 18(2), 55-67. This article talks about the conventional powers the Governor General has and how it has always been around and a part of Canadian politics.Some scholars disagree with these constitutional conventions and how it should be more democratic, such as an elected official who understands more about the politics of Canada and not just representing the country. This article can be favourable to the argument of having an institutional reform. 3. Hicks, B. M. (2010). The Crown's â⠂¬Å"Democratic† Reserve Powers. Journal Of Canadian Studies, 44(2), 5-31. This journal is about Canada’s responsible government and how the powers of the Governor General can be somewhat misused because of Parliament keeping limits on some powers.Since Canada has been free from British Sovereignty, the Governor General holds more importance in guiding the prime minister but then again since the Governor General’s powers are more dignified rather than efficient, he or she is advised by the prime minister and sometimes these decisions go in favour for the prime minister and this may not always be fair. This journal can go in favour of the argument to have an institutional reform, because the powers of the Governor General may only be helping out the prime minister and may not be so democratic. 4. Messamore, B. J. (2005). The line over which he must not pass': Defining the Office of Governor General, 1878. Canadian Historical Review, 86(3), 453-483. This press revie w goes back all the way to the 19th century, when the formation of the Canadian Constitution first began; it talks about the British Sovereignty’s representation that which is the Governor General. This reference can be helpful to this research paper because it gives the history of the Governor General and how this role of a political actor first started which can be relevant in the introduction of the paper and can give an overview of this significant actor. . Smith, David (1995). The Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. This book discusses how the Crown, the Governor General, has contributed a great amount to Canada and its parliamentary government. This book talks about the significance of the Governor General and how its functions have changed Canadian politics for the better in terms of social, geographic and economic conditions. This reference will be useful towards the research paper when he argumen t is opposed to an institutional reform. 6. W. , D. D. (2009). Jean, Michaelle. Current Biography, 70(6), 36-42. This biography is about Michaelle Jean, Canada’s current Governor General. This reference can be useful for the research paper because it can give a certain insight on the life of a Governor General, their accomplishments and what gives them the factor of becoming a Governor General which is a pretty important role in Canada’s Constitution.This biography can favour the argument of not having an institutional reform because it can give a better understanding that not just anyone can become Governor General and that they can represent and shape Canada as a country for the better. 7. Wheeldon, J. (2011). Actors, Targets, and Guardians: Using Routine Activities Theory to Explore the 2008 Decision to Prorogue Parliament In Canada. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 36(1), 59-93.This article discusses the 2008 prorogation request by Stephen Harper to Michaelle Jean wh ich was highly criticized by many who thought she should have not accepted the request. This article holds significance because it can show how the Governor General’s role may not be as significant because their role may not be helpful to the government an may be more in favour to the prime minister but not towards the good of the Canadian parliament and therefore to the good of the Canadian citizens. Function of Governor General: The Idea of an Institutional Reform Priya Patel 6587402

Supply Chain Management Case Studies - 2082 Words

MSYS111-12B Possible Test Questions Sessions 1-9 * What is a supply chain? The interconnected businesses that convert raw materials into consumer products via the transfer of materials, information and cash. * Draw a hypothetical milk supply chain * What is supply chain management? The management of upstream and downstream suppliers working together to create high value products for consumers as efficiently as possible to the benefit of the whole supply chain. It operates on three different levels, Strategic, Tactical an Operational. At a strategic level, the decisions are made regarding long term objectives, company direction and distribution of resources, at a tactical level this revolves around functional decisions,†¦show more content†¦* How is SCM like an orchestra LIKE practice makes perfect | timing is critical | goal for the common good, | everyone has expertise | Interdependent | audience only hears the end product UNLIKE co-location, SC is dispersed | Orch delivers output at same time | Orch has 1 clear leader setting tempo emergent property: music * Is it worth integrating supply chains? There are three levels of integration: Operational - streamlining day-to-day functions of SC processes including efficiency of inventory management and synchronised materials flow; Tactical, collaborative planning and forecasting and some levels of integrated software systems; and Strategic, a completely transparent SC where Ramp;D, investment and mission alignment might be undertaken, they may even co-locate, this is a long term partnership based on shared risks and rewards. Integration creates value and experts agree all businesses can benefit from operational integration. The degree of Tactical or Strategic integration depends on several factors; The higher the level of integration, the more trust is required between businesses. There are commercial risks to consider including the sharing of intellectual property and erosion of commercial advantage. * How much supply chain integration is enough? As a high degree of risk is involved in Strategic integration, many companies choose to integrate at a tactical or operational level. Although the higher levelsShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management : Case Study869 Words   |  4 PagesMicroeconomics 25 March 2015 Supply Chain Management Tom Greening once said, All management begins with planning† (Tom Greening). Those who study and research supply chain management will agree that the aforementioned quote holds true in their field. Companies looking to reduce their costs and better their customer service often look to implement supply chain management. In order to effectively execute successful supply chain management one must acknowledge the importance of demand management, communicationRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1182 Words   |  5 PagesSupply chain management is currently an important aspect in Management Information System. So much technology and brainpower have been used to improve the performance. In this decade electronic data interchange has made the process flexible, automatic warehousing and rapid logistics. Every organizations are trying to make their supply chain management more accurate using quick response, efficient customer response, mass customization, lean and agile manufa cturing. (Fisher, 1997) Value and rate ofRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1028 Words   |  5 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN RETIAL INDUSTRY: CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES AND WALMART CASE STUDY Mian Wang CID: 01090728 Imperial College Business School, MSc Management ABSTRACT With the rapid increase of operation cost and fast development of E-commence in today’s retail industry, traditional operation management models are antiquated. Companies attempt to enhance competitive capacity through management innovation, and an increasing amount of attention is paid to their supply chain management forRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1925 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant role in the Supply Chain Management sector of business, and majority of the companies involved in Supply Chain Management have adopted new and improve technologies to gain a competitive edge, and become leaders within their industry. Supply Chain Management has become one of the leading industries in business. Companies recognized that in order to get their products to retailers and consumers on a timely manner they have to implement successful Supply Chain Management strategies. CompaniesRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management3682 Words   |  15 Pages Strategic Supply Chain Management Mini Project Report Study of Supply Chain Management in Jewellery Industry of India Submitted by: Bhawana Saraf (2014PGP104) Prakhar Nagori (2014PGP121) Raghav Bhatnagar (2014PGP124) Vinay Jain (2014PGP142) Yashvardhan Kabra (2014PGP143) Title: A study of contemporary trends in supply chain management in Jewellery industry in India. Introduction: Jewellery Market of India India s gems and jewellery industry had a market size of Rs 251,000 crore (US$ 40Read MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management3763 Words   |  16 PagesAND SUPPLY CHAIN TERM PAPER: DELL– SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY SRUJANA SACHIDANANDA KHOT RedID: 818471037 DATE: 4/27/2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dell is well known for its uniqueness and the innovativeness in its supply chain. They were the pioneers for selling the PC at the cheaper rates. They ranked 2nd in the computer distributors. The benchmark of their successful company was because of their unique Supply Chain Management which used the ‘Built – to – order’ and ‘Direct Sale Strategies’. Supply chainRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1151 Words   |  5 Pages Supply chain management The three major phases of the production network, acquisition, generation and circulation, have been overseen freely, cushioned by extensive inventories. Expanding focused weights, and business globalization are constraining firms to create supply chains that can rapidly react to client needs. To stay focused, these organizations must decrease working expenses while persistently enhancing client administration. With late advances in correspondences and data innovation, andRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1344 Words   |  6 PagesTo succeed in today’s competitive markets companies must learn to align their supply chains with the demand of the markets they serve. Supply chain performance is now a distinct competitive advantage for companies who excel in this area. Supply Chain Management(SCM) is defined as a set of approached utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities to the right locations and at the time in orderRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1040 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Management covers a broad spectrum of jobs and responsibilities. It deals with the production, transportation, and distributions of goods. (National Career Service) The purpose of a supply chain manager is to make sure that these processes are done and documented correctly in an efficient manner. (Rutgers) An interview with a Distribution Manager at Kelloggs provided some insight on how their company does things. They have everything well organized in a way to streamline production processesRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management943 Words   |  4 PagesWhen supply chain managers are brought together it is the common goal to focus on the process of getting the consumers product though the forward supply chain as quick and efficiently as possible. However, there is a need to focus on the scope of the returns process too. â€Å"Companies can no longer afford to treat reverse logistics management as an afterthought. It needs to be a core capability within the supply chain organization. For years, most shippers paid little attention to returns† (Dowlatshahi

Analysis Of Deborah Tannen s Queer - 1204 Words

Martha Irvine, a graduate of the University of Michigan published an article titled Queer Evolution which talked about how the word â€Å"Queer† itself has evolved into the mainstream. Originally the word’s definition was to describe something as odd or weird. Society utilized the word â€Å"Queer† as an insult to the LGBTQ community. As more sexual orientations are being discovered, â€Å"Queer† became a more accepted word in the gay community in order to make things simpler. Irvine’s essay showed that whatever word we use, can affect a person depending on the intention, and the tone of how it’s being said. Irvine’s essay is very similar to Deborah Tannen’s essay You’re Wearing That which talks about the relationship between mother and daughter and how words have established expectations for women based on their appearance and behavior. Another essay that well connects with Tannen and Irvine’s articles is a sectio n from a book written by Michael Kimmel titled Bros Before Hos’’: The Guy Code. Kimmel talks about â€Å"The Guy Code†, rules that a man should always follow in order to be considered a real man. Words are the reason why these standards have been established for all genders and sexualities. The relationships between parents and children would be better if words were replaced, which would abolish the expectations that society has for men and women. Many decades ago, The LGBTQ community were seen as the worst of society, they were labeled as the lowest of the low, something nobody

The Human Rights and Ethical Dilemmas Facing Marketing...

The Human Rights and Ethical Dilemmas Facing Marketing Research in an Ever Expanding Business Market What is ethical and unethical when it comes to information gathering on a group of people or an individual? This is a question that has been debated and pondered over for many years. As social mediums, technology, and social and economic statuses change at rates that have never been seen on this type of global scale in human history it can be hard to tell. I will delve into situations and dilemmas that marketers find themselves in, on a day to day basis when doing research. Before we can go into the ethical and philosophical questions of your everyday marketer we first have to come to understand of what marketing ethics are.†¦show more content†¦Anheuser-Busch hired individuals that were looked at as â€Å"trend-setters,† to go into popular bars in major metropolitan areas in the United States and buy Bud Select. This is when Anheuser-Busch was just introducing Bud Select. This is where the dilemma comes in, was Anheuser-Busch doing anything wrong in hiring peop le to buy their own product in public outings? This was a way for them to push their product. For: Anheuser-Busch was not breaking the law. There is no rule saying you can’t hire people to buy your own product and then showcase it to other individuals. Against: By hiring individuals that are looked at as â€Å"trend-setters† to push a new product in a public atmosphere, a bar or club, without the public knowledge can be looked at as misleading and shady The question you have to ask yourself when doing marketing research is where is line. In this situation Anheuser-Busch was using techniques that can be looked at as unethical, but at the same time Anheuser-Busch is a company that has a bottom line, and share holders to keep happy. Sometimes, employees are passive respondents to observational research. An example of this would be by a company using a mystery shopper. Mystery shoppers are employees of a research firm that are paid to â€Å"pretend† to be a ctual shoppers (Zikmund amp; Babin, 2007). A mystery shopper performs their jobs in public, and performsShow MoreRelatedReflective Experience At The University Of Arts And Sciences3453 Words   |  14 PagesUltimately, my degree in Public Relations from Gonzaga University presented its framework as an interwoven web of philosophical experience, religious values, and professional study. This unique foundation combined with perpetual themes of personal growth, ethical responsibility, societal contribution, and professional application have undoubtedly provided remarkable and invaluable guidance as I embark on the next chapters of life-long learning and my search for self. Personal Growth and Experience The firstRead MoreSamsung Case Study6174 Words   |  25 Pagesculture and belief system that empowering human capital is the foundation in building and maintaining a great organization. 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MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 PagesManaging Human Resources, 14e, Bohlander/Snell -  © 2007 Thomson South-Western  © STONE/GETTY IMAGES chapter 15 International Human Resources Management After studying this chapter, you should be able to objective Identify the types of organizational forms used for competing internationally. objective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Identify the unique training needs for international assignees and their employees. objective Explain the economic, politicallegal, and cultural factorsRead MoreIBM10585 Words   |  43 PagesHISTORY International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an information technology company that uses their expertise to provide customer solutions. 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Constructions Of Working Class Masculinity English Literature Essay Free Essays

string(36) " a explosion of good will ‘ \." â€Å" In recent old ages sociologists have been shocked to detect that blue-collar work forces really spend far more clip with their kids that their professional coevalss, and experience far less threatened by the additions of feminism. ( This is likely because, as DH Lawrence pointed out a long clip ago, the working categories are surer of themselves sexually ) . Propertyless work forces make natural male parents in a manner that other work forces, obsessed with position and calling promotion, merely do non. We will write a custom essay sample on Constructions Of Working Class Masculinity English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Beckham ‘s relentless beauty, ne’er more compete than when looking at his boy, we seem to see all that work forces could be- that stamina and that tenderness combined without struggle or cruelty- if merely they stopped seeking to command everything so much, if they stopped worrying for five proceedingss about looking soft † ( Julie Birchill on David Beckham in The Guardian ) . Masculinity is frequently determined by a adult male ‘s physical visual aspect and how brave they are ; physical strength and following a epic nature is therefore necessary to stand up for oneself and support 1s household. Many of the work forces in working category literature execute manual labor, such as excavation or working in a mill, in order to supply a life for their household. In contrast, although it become more frequent for adult females to work during and after the Second World War, work forces did non adhere to this function reversal, and assisting out domestically was non something which they carried out. Richard Hoggart suggests that many adult females would non desire their hubbies to lend to the domestic jobs, despite their ain heavy work load, â€Å" for fright he is thought womanish † ( 35 ) . Furthermore, Hoggart asserts that working-class male childs shortly get the sense that â€Å" it ‘s different for work forces † and accordingly they contribute less to household care than their sisters ( 36 ) . And though a cause for concern, these â€Å" unsmooth male childs are frequently admired ; the head-shaking over them is every bit proud as it is contrite — ‘ [ H ] vitamin E ‘s a existent chap ‘ people say † . Therefore, although work forces must be married in order to to the full accomplish their maleness, they must besides continually emphasize their heterosexualism, doing certain to ever act in the right mode for their gender. Alan Sillitoe ‘s ‘Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ‘ conveys maleness chiefly through Arthur Seaton ‘s averment of his heterosexualism seen through his intervention of adult females and heavy imbibing, yet besides through his ambivalent mentality on matrimony. Arthur Seaton appears to contemn the thought of matrimony, naming it ‘the dizzy and unsought threshold of snake pit ‘ ( 156 ) , yet he loves disbursement clip with Brenda and entertaining her kids, and by the terminal of the novel, with Doreen, ‘they spoke of acquiring married in three months. ‘ ( 217 ) Arthur, nevertheless, is highly judgemental towards other work forces, ‘Arthur classified hubbies into two chief classs: those that looked after their married womans, and those that were slow. ‘ ( ? ) He says this as if to warrant his matter with Brenda ; Jack must be slow and therefore non worthy to be Brenda ‘s hubby. Arthur believes the ‘slow ‘ hub bies to be less masculine ; they are incapable of delighting their married womans, which is why their married womans are finally unpatriotic, ‘There was something lacking in them, non like a adult male with one leg that could in no manner be put right, but something that they, the slow hubbies, could easy rectify if they became less selfish, brightened up their thoughts, and looked after their married womans a bit better ‘ ( 41? ) . Ironically it appears that the less masculine hubby is less attentive to his married woman ‘s emotional demands. A farther sarcasm is evident when Arthur states that despite his utilizing Brenda and making incorrect, ‘If I of all time acquire married, he thought, and have a married woman that carries on like Brenda and Winnie carry on, I ‘ll give her the biggest gluing any adult female of all time had. I ‘d kill her. My married woman ‘ll hold to look after any childs I fill her with, maintain the house spotless. And if she ‘s good at that I might allow her travel to the images now and once more and take her out for a drink on Saturday. ‘ ( 145 ) This scene clearly depicts Arthur as the alpha-male. He wants to take control, and when he does hold a married woman, he is certain she will make as she is told. Furthermore, he is egotistic and indurate, particularly when he states, ‘Brenda was n’t deserving the problem he ‘d been through to maintain her ‘ ( 145 ) , despite the fact it was his mistake she got pregnant, and his determination t o transport on the matter whilst cognizing she was married, which conveys Arthur ‘s irresponsible and barbarous nature. Arthur invariably acts how he wants ; ever taking to move as a ‘man ‘ , when truly, he is portrayed as objectionable and petroleum. We are introduced to Arthur ‘s stereotyped manfully physique early into the novel where he is depicted as a ‘tall, iron-faced, crop-haired young person ‘ ( 34? ) . The usage of the word ‘iron ‘ makes him sound tough, about unbreakable, and this becomes evident in the novel through his difficult imbibing and the battles he gets into. Arthur ‘s maleness is asserted from the gap of the novel, through his description of ‘crafty weaponries around female waists ‘ , conveying his involvement in adult females from the start of the novel. His manfulness is conveyed through his imbibing wonts besides, and the initial rhyme used on the phrases ‘best and bingiest ‘ and ‘piled-up passions ‘ ( 9 ) emphasises Arthur ‘s exhilaration that it is the weekend and he can imbibe more than usual, whilst adding a conversational tone. The colloquialism besides creates a welcoming tone to the gap of the novel, which encourages us to ab initio warm to Arthur as a character. The exhilaration in this gap chapter is starkly contrasted to the humdrum of Arthur ‘s workplace, ‘a hebdomad ‘s humdrum transplant in the mill was swilled out of your system in a explosion of good will ‘ . You read "Constructions Of Working Class Masculinity English Literature Essay" in category "Essay examples" The apposition within this sentence clearly shows Arthur ‘s grasp of his weekends and the sibilance in the latter half of the sentence conveys a tone of felicity and relaxation since this is his clip to rest. Furthermore, the ‘slow-turning Big Wheel of the twelvemonth ‘ high spots the sense of humdrum and it mirrors the cyclical construction of working category life. The gap to the novel besides introduces Arthur take parting in a imbibing competition with a crewman. It is both the ability to imbibe and the component of competition that are stressed in this peculiar episode, ‘It seemed an even competition for a long clip, as if they would sit at that place sloping it back for of all time, until Loudmouth all of a sudden went green halfway through the 10th pint ‘ ( 11 ) .Arthur ‘s successful achievement in both can be read as an avowal of hegemonic maleness. In contrast to Arthur ‘s imbibing being associated with maleness, in Walter Greenwood ‘s novel, ‘Love on the Dole ‘ , imbibing appears by the way instead than conspicuously. The fresh condemns Ned Narkey for his inebriation and leads us to dislike his character. For illustration, when Ned confronts Sally about why she will non get married him, he states, ‘ah ‘ll mek certain that that chicken rat up street do n’t either†¦ non if Ah have t ‘ swing for him ‘ , mentioning to Larry Meath. His bibulous province nowadayss him as unstable, and we do non desire him to be with any adult female. ( 145 ) . Furthermore, when he sees Sam Grundy speaking to Sally after he has had a few drinks, his violent nature is conveyed and we see the negative consequence which imbibing has on him, ‘Blind hatred and enviousness dominated him ; his urge was to snap at Grundy ‘s pharynx, fling him to the floor and kick his encephalons out. â €˜ ( 188 ) . This perceptual experience of maleness is criticised and his aggressive linguistic communication is non applauded, contrasting to the light-heartedness of Arthur ‘s imbibing competition in ‘Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ‘ . Furthermore, in ‘Love on the Dole ‘ , Mr. Hardcastle ‘s opposition to ‘the enticement to travel drown concern and wretchedness in drink ‘ ( 94 ) is praised, which highlights that the more manful pick in this instance is non traveling down to the saloon to acquire rummy ; Mr. Hardcastle understands this will do no difference to his state of affairs. Therefore, in order to be manfully is to back up 1s household, which can non be achieved through heavy imbibing. Similar to Greenwood, George Orwell does non commend imbibing through his novel, ‘The Road to Wigan Pier ‘ , and decides non to include it at all. B. Clarke observes that Orwell, â€Å" Does non reproduce images of inebriation and force † which appear in Sillitoe ‘s, ‘Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ‘ . This elevates the mineworkers ‘ position and conveys their maleness in a different visible radiation. They are still physically powerful, yet Orwell presents them as non experiencing the demand to asseverate their manfulness through difficult imbibing, purposefully giving the mineworkers, who are stand foring the working category, a â€Å" stable individuality † . A farther building of maleness in ‘Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ‘ is the gallant nature of Sam ; he is masculine in a different manner to the other working category work forces in the novel since he does non utilize aggression or vulgar linguistic communication. His physical visual aspect is described as ‘a compact Black with a composure, intelligent face ‘ ( 191 ) which juxtaposes the old description of Arthur as holding a face every bit hard as Fe. Furthermore, he is ‘dressed in a well-pressed khaki ‘ ( 192 ) demoing how he takes pride in his visual aspect. Sam besides contrasts Arthur in his attack to hard state of affairss, for illustration, when a battle is about to get down when they go to the saloon for a drink, Arthur accidently spills a little sum of beer on a adult female when he is go throughing the drinks over, and when her hubby intervenes, ‘Arthur clenched his fists, ready to nail him ‘ . ( 194 ) Therefore, he sees fo rce as the reply, whereas Sam calmly states, ‘what ‘s the affair? ‘ ( 194 ) conveying how he is polite and well-spoken ; unlike Arthur, Sam uses fluency over force. Labor is made up of either physical work in the mill or office work ; the former bears associations with the working category whilst the latter with the in-between category. For illustration, the working category figure of Harry Hardcastle in Walter Greenwood ‘s ‘Love on the Dole ‘ despises his work as a clerk at the pawn store chiefly because he views being ‘a mere thruster of pens ‘ ( 21 ) as holding feminine intensions. Therefore, in-between category work was considered as effeminate, intending working category work forces who worked in offices were non considered every bit masculine as those who worked in manual, physical labor. This is contrasted to Harry ‘s dream of working at Marlowe ‘s, which he describes as ‘majestic, impressive†¦ tremendous technology works†¦ with work forces, engaged in work forces ‘s work ‘ ( 19 ) . Greenwood ‘s huge scope of adjectives used to depict Marlowe ‘s are all what Harry aspires to be, and he associates these descriptions with being a existent adult male. Similarly, George Orwell, through his novel, ‘The Road to Wigan Pier ‘ makes the physical work of the mineworkers appear really manfully, and as B. Clarke observes, Orwell, â€Å" insists that mineworkers are bound together partially by their attachment to a traditional signifier of maleness founded on manual labor, physical bravery, and endurance † . Orwell therefore praises these work forces ‘s masculine qualities, such as their physical bravery, endurance and solidarity. He appears really passionate about the work they do, portraying them as heroic, saying that excavation is a ‘Superhuman occupation ‘ ( 19 ) . Many of the work forces died whilst making their occupation, and Orwell presents the dangers of excavation through his narrative ; therefore underscoring the issue sing the development of the working categories. In contrast to the great regard we form for the mineworkers in ‘The Road to Wigan Pier, through ‘Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ‘ , we develop a deficiency of regard for Arthur ‘s hedonic attitude towards his societal position ‘And so it was possible to bury the mill, whether inside it sudating and striving your musculuss by a machine, or whether sloping ale in a saloon†¦ the mill did non affair. The mill could travel on working until it blew itself up from excessively much velocity ‘ . The initial rhyme on ‘sweating/straining/ ‘ and muscles/machine ‘ are all words connected with physical work, underscoring Arthur ‘s maleness. Although his statement about his work-place non counting seems careless, Arthur ‘s warmer side becomes evident when he juxtaposes this to things which do affair in life, ‘But I, he thought†¦ will be here after the mill ‘s gone, and so will Brenda and all adult females lik e her still be here, the kind of adult females that are deserving their weight in gold ‘ . ( 45 ) This description of adult females is beautiful and the initial rhyme on the ‘w ‘ sound conveys how Arthur is underscoring his point that his does hold some regard for adult females, and he is non wholly barbarous and remorseless ; he conveys how maleness does has a softer, more emotional side along with its stereotyped intensions. Due to the economic wants of the post-war period, Sillitoe intentionally presents his characters as taking to maximize their ain pleasance to foreground an dreamer inclination behind hedonism ; working category work forces found it difficult to confront the troubles of the post-war period. For illustration, when Arthur is present during Brenda ‘s gin and hot-bath abortion, he is highly insouciant about it, comparing it to ‘watching the telly with no portion in what he was seeing. ‘ ( 88 ) Arthur therefore conveys no mark of compassion for Brenda ‘s agony. Furthermore, on the same dark, he sleeps with Winnie, Brenda ‘s sister, ‘he could barely retrieve Brenda, believing that possibly he had dreamed about her sometime, but nil more ‘ ( 96 ) . This is flooring after he has merely watched her abort their babe, and his description of merely cognizing her through his dreams suggests that possibly something is incorrect with him mentally ; this coul d, nevertheless, merely be his manner of covering with guilt. If he truly feels no guilt, and has no scruples, although extreme, Arthur could good be thought of as a psychopath. Arthur ‘s rebelliousness of moral values and negligent attitude is conveyed when Arthur and Fred witness a adult male throw a pint glass at a store window, and a female informant ‘held the bewildered perpetrator by his carpus ‘ ( 108 ) whilst they wait for the constabulary. Arthur ‘s immorality and hideous nature is depicted through his sexually derogative description of this adult female ; he loathes her for non allowing the improper adult male flight, ‘She ‘s a bitch and a prostitute†¦ a blood-tub, a murphy face, a swivel-eyed gett, a Rat-clock. ‘ ( 113 ) This deadly spring of misogynism and barbarous linguistic communication portrays Arthur ‘s dominant, aggressive maleness, yet Sillitoe is finally showing this signifier of maleness in a really negative visible radiation. How to cite Constructions Of Working Class Masculinity English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Assignment Samples on Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunities

Ques: Prepare a report to address each area of the employee relations data.These areas are The internal interview processes and BAME annual appraisals Table of Contents Executive summary Introduction Internal Interview Process Process of Appraisal Conclusion References Executive summary The report focuses on a special case of NHS trust employees. The BAME employees are not provided the annual appraisal as much as the white employees. This is creating dissatisfaction among the employees. Gender biasness is also seen in the process of interview. Female candidates are not selected via the interview. Thus interview process and the appraisal technique of the organization have been reviewed in the present study. A transparent interview process has been suggested in the report. There are several appraisal techniques suggested in the report that could be conducted to make the process of appraisal fair and free from biasness. Suitable recommendations of the HR practices have been provided. Introduction An equality and diversity approach is practiced in every organization. Equality is an important aspect for employment in all respect. It is expected by every employer and worker. Diversity is a positive approach for equality at work (Delivering equality and diversity, 2014; p-1-20) ; (10 Steps to Equality and Diversity for the Irish Hospitality Sector, 2014). It offers advantages to the organization. Cross cultural management is an important aspect in the organizations in UK. There are certain laws by the Government to treat the people in a fair manner irrespective of caste, age, gender. The laws are essential for carrying business in an ethical way. The 2010 Equality Act is applied against discrimination. The law has superseded previous laws that prevented discrimination at work place. The Equality Act 2010 has also superseded the Employment Equality Age Regulations of 2006 (Legislation.gov.uk, 2014). The laws in UK are consistent with the laws in other parts of Europe. They are als o prevalent in other parts of the world especially the western World. According to the law, an employer has to be aware of the various implications of the equality legislations. An employee has to be aware of the equality rights. It will be beneficial for the employee and they will be able to take their own responsibilities. The legislations are not applicable for organizations that treat their employees fairly. Discrimination at workplace will create negativity at workplace. This will hamper the work environment. Diversity management will result in the development of equal opportunities (Britishcouncil.in, 2014). Employers have to abide by the policies of diversity management and initiate various programs in their organization that manage diversity at workplace. The review of the equal opportunity policies of EU shows that there are three major period for the development of equality in EU. They are equal treatment, positive action and gender mainstreaming. But the policies of the E U were limited to providing equal pay for equal work. Later on in 2000s the policies were modified and focused on gender mainstreaming (Gov.uk, 2013) ; (Equalityhumanrights.com, 2014). Internal Interview Process In order to avoid discrimination at workplace, the internal interview process has to be transparent. The Trust can avoid the discriminatory issues at workplace by adopting the following measures The first step in recruitment is providing advertisements by the organization regarding job vacancy. The organization should avoid discrimination for the advertisements of job vacancies. The human resource department is responsible for the coordination of the advertisements for recruitment. The review of the advertisements will be done before they are published in order to ensure that the advertisement complies with the equality policies and discriminatory legislations and abide by the laws. The selection technique for a particular post must be appropriate. The job description must be according to the role and specifications of the person must be used in making the selection decisions. The process of interview and short listing has to be transparent. The candidate will be shortlisted based on the information provided by him in the resume. Any other biasness related to caste, religion will not be considered. The requirements of the job have to be fulfilled according to the description of the job. There has to be regular monitoring of the various job descriptions. The job descriptions must reflect the requirement of the vacancy. The skills, knowledge, competencies and abilities of the candidate will be reflected in the person specifications. The person has to carry out the job based on the specifications The interview process has to be specific. The questions in the interview will be based on the circumstances and requirements of the job. Questions that might be discriminatory should not be allowed in the process of interview. Any questions related to the health and disability of the person should be asked on the interview before the selection has been done. The Equality Act 2010 outlines the various rules to be followed during the process of interview. Organization has to strictly abide by the rules. The people who are responsible for recruitment and selection must be trained appropriately. They must be trained in the matters of diversity and equal opportunity. They people must be trained about the equal pay legislation. This will be done so that there is no discrimination at workplace. They must ensure that no discriminatory issues arise during process of recruitment. They must abide by the various rules of the Equality Act 2010. They must ensure that there is recording of the criteria for selection and the appropriate reasons are presented for selection or rejection of the candidate. This will provide a proof for future use. The results for the recruitment process have to be monitored. Special decisions have to be taken for measures which appear to be inconsistent. In order to make the recruitment process more transparent, the organization can contact with other firms in the same industry and ask about the requirements of qualification in the similar positions in their organization. Thus the requirements for the job will be posted according to the industry standards and there will be no conflict in the organization regarding the interview process. The salary range can also be set according to the standards of the industry. This will also make the process of recruitment more transparent. The compensation package has to be competitive. The interview questions must strictly focus on assessing the abilities of the candidate. The interpersonal skills of the candidates have to be judged. Judging the self motivation capability of the candidate during interview process is important. Any kind of question regarding the culture of the candidate, religion of the candidate, race should be avoided (Deeb, 2014). Process of Appraisal BAME staff faced discrimination during annual appraisals. The annual appraisal of the staff was not at par with the white staff. This was raising dissatisfaction among the BAME staff. The process of annual appraisal could be made more effective by using the following methods for appraisal of performance (PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS: More Important than Ever in 2011, 2011; p-1-8). Rating Approach- The approach of performance appraisal should be a combination of the cost related approach and the behavior approach. The employees are rated based on their performance. The rating technique is based on the involvement of the employees in various roles, decision making ability of the employee, discipline of the employee. Subjectivity is minimized in this type of rating. The personal and behavioral aspects of the employees are not considered in this approach. The rating method is totally based on behavior. Graphic rating scale is used to rate the employees based on their behavior. The ability of the employees to manage a team, ability to work in a team, ability to handle conflicts are the measures considered while rating a candidate based on behavior(Elverfeldt, 2014; p-15-30). Top down Appraisal - In this process of appraisal the performance of the employees is monitored by the supervisor. The progress of the employee is monitored throughout the period of appraisal. At the end of the appraisal period, the supervisor uses a rating technique to make the assessment of the employees. They meet with the employees in order to discuss the assessment. It must be ensured that the supervisor is not biased in the process of review. An interview of the employees with the supervisor is organized. The performances of the employees are discussed with the supervisor (Kokemuller, 2014). However it is seen that there is lack of motivational effect in this kind of appraisal process. But the assessment occurs without biasness. The employees are given scope for discussing their view. The parameter in which the employee lacks is discussed by the supervisor. The employees discuss about weaknesses directly with the supervisors and the supervisors suggest ways for improvement. The ways of improvement is discussed by supervisor with the employee. In this method of appraisal, follow up meetings are conducted to monitor the performance of the employees. Any problem faced by the employees is directly handled by the supervisor (Gresham, 2014). Self appraisal technique The employees can review their own performance by the self appraisal technique. However this type of technique for appraisal can only be successful with highly motivated employees who are self directed and are highly focused. It is a self assessment program. The employees are asked about their feelings about their performance. They are not under the pressure of the judgement of the supervisor. This is a useful technique in which the supervisors and the employees participate. The participation of the employees is crucial for the process of appraisal. This type of appraisal process is known as two way appraisal process. The interaction between the supervisor and the employee is direct in nature. The employees and the supervisors have common grounds of discussion. They work together for the welfare of the organization. This is an effective evaluation process as it does not have any individual opinion or biasness attached to it. The process of self appraisal can be conducted verbally as well as in written form. The employees and the supervisors are provided with identical worksheets. The responses from the worksheets are compared. The comparison shows the views of both the employees and the supervisor. The areas of improvement are discussed accordingly (The Job Analyzer: BLR's Complete Guide to Analyzing, Evaluating, Pricing, 2014; p-200-210). Multisource assessment - This type of assessment process is also known as 360 degree process of feedback, three dimensional or full circle appraisals. The feedbacks about the employees are gathered from various sources (Brutus and Derayeh, 2002). They are generally constructive feedback. The goal of taking such feedback is assessment of the employee in an accurate manner. The rating technique involves information provided in a number of forms which contains various statements. The forms consist of various questions which raters have to respond. The forms are filled up by the subordinates of the employees, peers, the supervisors of the employees and the external or the internal customers. Thus the process of appraisal is a team work which does not have any kind of religious biasness attached to it. Thus the employees receiving the highest rating are provided with the highest appraisal. There is no biasness related to caste, creed or race in the process of appraisal. In this process, the identities of the rate rs are hidden. Their identity is not revealed in front of anyone. Thus there is no manipulation of the raters. The raters are given proper training prior to rating the employees. This ensures that they have conducted the process in an ethical manner (employersassociation.com, 2014). Conclusion The organization must ensure that the interview process and the process of appraisal is free from any cultural biasness. The process should not be subjective. This will attract more employees towards the organization. The BAME employees will be motivated to work in the organization. They will not feel degraded. They will not face identity crisis. The interview process must only focus on recruiting employees that are academically and professionally suitable for the organization. Any questions related to caste, creed or religion should be avoided in the process of interview. The interview process has to be transparent. The individual responsible for taking the interview must be provided with proper training prior to the interview. They have to be regularly monitored in order to ensure that the transparency of interview process is not hampered. The process of appraisal should also be free from biasness. There are certain techniques to be followed for appraisal of the employees. It can b e top down appraisal, self appraisal technique and the multisource assessment. The supervisor must be free from any cultural or religious biasness while conducting the review of the employees. The employees can also participate in the review process. This will be a mutual process. The employee and the supervisor can discuss their issues with one another. This will make the process transparent and free from bias. The grievances of the employees will be understood by the employer. Similarly the areas of improvement of the employees will be discussed by the supervisor. Another way of conducting fair process of appraisal is rating the employees by a group of anonymous raters. The raters will be properly trained before the rating process is conducted. They will not reveal their identity in front of the employees or the supervisors. Thus the rating technique will be fair and free from biasness. References 10 Steps to Equality and Diversity for the Irish Hospitality Sector. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-7. Britishcouncil.in, (2014). Equal opportunity and diversity | British Council. Brutus, S. and Derayeh, M. (2002). Multisource assessment programs in organizations: An insider's perspective. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(2), pp.187-202. Deeb, C. (2014). How to Avoid Discrimination When Hiring. Delivering equality and diversity. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-20. Elverfeldt, A. (2014). Performance appraisal how to improve its effectiveness. 1st ed. employersassociation.com, (2014). Performance Appraisals. Equalityhumanrights.com, (2014). What is the Equality Act? | Equality and Human Rights Commission. Gov.uk, (2013). Equality Act 2010: guidance - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK. gov.uk/government, (2014). DIVERSITY EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES. Gresham, T. (2014). Advantages Disadvantages of Top-Down Performance Reviews. Kokemuller, N. (2014). Top-Down Performance Appraisal Method. Legislation.gov.uk, (2014). Equality Act 2010. PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS: More Important than Ever in 2011. (2011). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-8. The Job Analyzer: BLR's Complete Guide to Analyzing, Evaluating, Pricing ... (2014). pp.200-210.